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| Web URL(s): | https://web.archive.org/web/20120519121641/http://www.gcsaa.org/Course/Environment/Environmental-Profile/Golf-Course-Environmental-Profile--Water-Use-and-Conservation-Report.aspx
Last checked: 07/19/2016
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http://web.archive.org/web/20110511151453/http://www.eifg.org/programs/EIFG_GCEP_Vol_2.pdf
Last checked: 07/19/2016
Requires: PDF Reader |
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| Publication Type:
| Professional |
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| Material Type: | Book |
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| Monographic Corporate Author(s): | Golf Course Superintendents Association of America |
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| Monograph Title: | Golf Course Environmental Profile: Water Use and Conservation Practices on U.S. Golf Courses: Volume II - [Full Report], 2009. |
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| Publishing Information: | [Lawrence, Kansas]: Golf Course Superintendents Association of America |
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| # of Pages: | 49 |
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| Collation: | 49 pp. |
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| Keywords: | TIC Keywords: Golf courses; Golf courses in the environment; Water use; Water conservation; Methodology; Irrigation; Irrigation water; Effluent water; Water management; Water quality
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| Abstract/Contents: | "GCSAA's Golf Course Environmental Profile is a data collection project that provides new insight into the property features, management practices and inputs associated with golf courses across the United States. Water Use and Conservation Practices on U.S. Golf Courses is the second report produced from the project. The first report was the Property Profile and Environmental Stewardship of Golf Courses released in November 2007. These reports are available at www.eifg.org. This volume provides the most accurate portrayal of water use and conservation practices on golf courses in the United States. It establishes a definitive baseline that will be compared to data from future surveys to identify change over time. It will help to guide the golf industry's agronomic and environmental initiatives in the future. The objectives of the water use and conservation survey were to measure: Number of irrigated turfgrass acres for the U.S. and in agronomic regions; Total water use in the U.S. and in agronomic regions; Water cost averages for the U.S. and in agronomic regions; Water sources used for irrigation; Recycled water use in the U.S. and in agronomic regions; Water quality; Irrigation system characteristics; Water management and conservation practices. Superintendents at all golf facilities in the U.S. (16,797) were invited to participate in the survey. A total of 2,548 golf facilities participated in the survey, accounting for 15 percent of the nation's superintendents. Analysis of returned surveys indicated that there was statistically valid representation of all types of golf facilities - public, private, resort, municipal, 9-hole, 18-hole, etc. Golf courses were stratified by agronomic region, course type and number of holes. Highlighting the report are the following results: There are an estimated 1,504,210 acres of maintained turfgrass (greens, tees, fairways, rough) on golf facilities in the U.S. An estimated 1,198,381 acres or 80 percent of maintained turfgrass are irrigated.; Approximately 80 percent or 80 acres of an average of an average 18-hole golf course's 100 acres of maintained turfgrass are irrigated.; From 2001-2005, an estimated net total of 31,877 acres of irrigated turfgrass were added to existing golf facilities in the U.S.; The greatest net gain in irrigated acreage occurred in the North Central and Northeast regions, where 13,513 and 8,442 new acres were irrigated, respectively. The Southwest region had an estimated net decrease of 12 acres.; From 2003-2005, the average water use for golf course irrigation in the U.S. was estimated to be 2,312,701 acre-feet per year. (That equates to approximately 2.08 billion gallons of water per day for golf course irrigation in the U.S.; According to the U.S. Geological Survey's 'Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2000' report, approximately 408 billion gallons of water per day are withdrawn in the U.S. Golf course irrigation accounts for 0.5 percent of this total.); Water use varies significantly by agronomic region. (An average 18-hole golf facility in the Southwest region uses an average of 4 acre-feet of water per irrigated acre per year and an 18-hole golf facility in the Northeast region uses average of 0.8 acre-feet of water per irrigated acre per year.); Annual irrigation water cost also varies significantly by agronomic region. (Golf course facilities in the Southwest region had the highest water costs - approximately $107,800 per year for an average 18-hole golf course.; 18-hole golf facilities in the North Central, Northeast and Transition regions had the lowest water costs, paying $4,700, $6,300 and $6,900 per year, respectively.); Multiple sources are utilized for irrigation water and many golf facilities have more than one source available for irrigation. Most 18-hole golf facilities utilize surface waters like ponds, lakes or on-site irrigation wells. Approximately 14 percent of golf facilities use water from a public municipal source and approximately 12 percent use recycled water as a source for irrigation. Specific water sources for 18-hole courses as indicated by participants are noted below: (52 percent use water from ponds or lakes.; 46 percent use water from on-site wells.; 17 percent use water from rivers, streams and creeks.; 14 percent use water from municipal water systems.; 12 percent use recycled water for irrigation.); As previously noted, 12 percent of 18-hole courses use recycled water for irrigation. The most common reason cited for not using it was a lack of an available source for recycled water as indicated by 53 percent of respondents.; In general, irrigation water quality is acceptable or better in all agronomic regions, although there are golf facilities in all agronomic regions that face significant agronomic challenges due to the quality of their irrigation water.; Approximately 46 percent of 18-hole golf facilities treat their irrigation water or distribute products via the irrigation system. The most common products distributed through the irrigation system are wetting agents and fertilizers.; Nearly all 18-hole golf facilities use multiple irrigation scheduling techniques to aid in making water application decisions.; Most facilities utilize direct observations of turfgrass and soil conditions to aid in irrigation scheduling decisions. Approximately 35 percent routinely utilize evapotranspiration data and approximately 3 percent use soil moisture sensors to aid in irrigation scheduling.; Superintendents at 18-hole golf facilities utilize numerous methods to conserve water. The top three conservation methods and the percent of golf facilities utilizing that method are: wetting agents (92%); hand watering (78%); and keeping turfgrass drier (69%).; An estimated 25 percent of all 18-hole golf facilities are subjected to recurring annual water allocations. Facilities in the Southwest (40%), Upper West/Mountain (39%) and Southeast (36%) are most likely to be subjected to a recurring annual irrigation water allocation.; From 2001 to 2005, 16 percent of 18-hole golf facilities in the U.S. were subjected to mandatory irrigation water restrictions more stringent that the normal recurring annual irrigation water allocation for at least one year. Facilities in the Northeast and Upper West/Mountain agronomic regions were more likely to experience more stringent restrictions.; Approximately 28 percent of 18-hole golf facilities in the Northeast agronomic region have written drought management plans, more than any other agronomic region." |
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Library of Congress
Subject Headings: | Golf courses -- Environmental aspects -- United States; Golf courses -- Environmental aspects |
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| Language: | English |
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| References: | 8 |
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| See Also: | See also related book, Golf Course Environmental Profile: Property Profile and Environmental Stewardship of Golf Courses: Volume 1 - [Full Report], 2007, R=144966. R=144966
See also related article "Golf course environmental profile measures water use, source, cost, quality, and management and conservation strategies" Applied Turfgrass Science, 6(1) December 2009, p. 1-20, R=144850. R=144850
See also related article "EIG study: Water use on golf courses" Ohio State University Turf Program Web Site, February 2009, p. [1] R=145289. R=145289
See also related article "Golf course environmental profile: Volume II: Water use and conservation practices on U.S. golf courses" Golf Course Management, 77(6) June 2009, p. 72, 74, 76, 78 R=148942. R=148942
See also related book, Golf Course Envirmonmental Profile: Nutrient Use and Management on U.S. Golf Courses: Volume III - [Full Report], 2009, R=158563. R=158563
See also related summary, Golf Course Environmental Profile: Water Use and Conservation Practices on U.S. Golf Courses: Volume II - [Summary], 2009, R=158573. R=158573
See also related book, Golf Course Environmental Profile: Energy Use and Energy Conservation Practices on U.S. Golf Courses: Volume IV, 2012, R=204777. R=204777
See also related book, Golf Course Environmental Profile: Pesticide Use on U.S. Golf Courses: Volume V, 2012, R=233472. R=233472
See also related book, Golf Course Environmental Profile: Phase II, Volume I: Water Use and Conservation Practices on U.S. Golf Courses, 2015, R=272860. R=272860 |
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| See Also: | Other items relating to: Water Conservation - Golf
Other items relating to: Effluent Water Use |
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| Note: | Includes "Acknowledgments"; p. 5
Includes foreword: "Measuring the sustainability of golf" by Greg Norman, Advisory Council Chair, The Environmental Institute for Golf; p. 6
Includes foreword: "Achieving progress through participation" by David S. Downing II, CGCS and 2008 GCSAA President; p. 7
Includes "Appendix"; pp. 40-49
Maps
Pictures, color
Figures
Tables
Graphs |
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| ASA/CSSA/SSSA Citation (Crop Science-Like - may be incomplete):
Golf Course Superintendents Association of America. 2009. Golf Course Environmental Profile: Water Use and Conservation Practices on U.S. Golf Courses: Volume II - [Full Report]. 49 pp. [Lawrence, Kansas]: Golf Course Superintendents Association of America. |
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| Web URL(s):
https://web.archive.org/web/20120519121641/http://www.gcsaa.org/Course/Environment/Environmental-Profile/Golf-Course-Environmental-Profile--Water-Use-and-Conservation-Report.aspx
Last checked: 07/19/2016
Requires: PDF Reader
http://web.archive.org/web/20110511151453/http://www.eifg.org/programs/EIFG_GCEP_Vol_2.pdf
Last checked: 07/19/2016
Requires: PDF Reader |
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Accession number: 931819583 |
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MSU catalog number: b7306457 |
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